Clear Money Guide
What this state guide covers
A quick view of the questions, practical details and source notes below.
Updated August 12, 2026. Quick answer: Partly. Kentucky’s $31,110-per-person retirement exclusion covers amounts reported as taxable IRA distributions on the federal return, and it carries no age requirement — so a conversion is sheltered up to that line and taxed at the flat 3.5% above it, once your other pension, annuity, 401(k) and IRA income has taken its share.
The same question for annuity payments: does Kentucky tax annuity income.
The same question for military retired pay: does Kentucky tax military retirement.
The same question for gains from selling investments: does Kentucky tax capital gains.
The same question for ordinary 401(k) and IRA withdrawals: does Kentucky tax 401(k) and IRA withdrawals.
Confidence note: high on the $31,110 exclusion and on its lack of an age requirement; the exclusion is claimed on Schedule P, and a conversion large enough to exceed it is where the Kentucky bill starts.
Why a conversion is a different question from a withdrawal
Almost every state summary answers “how does Kentucky tax retirement income?” That is a question about distributions. A Roth conversion is not a distribution in the ordinary sense — it is a voluntary election to recognise income now in exchange for tax-free growth later. Whether a state’s retirement exclusion reaches that election is a separate question, and it is the one that decides your bill.
The exclusion here is large by state standards and unusually easy to reach, because no birthday attaches to it — but it is a number, not a yes: $31,110 per person, shared with every other pension, annuity, 401(k) and IRA dollar you take that year.
Two practical consequences. Converting in a year when little else is coming out of retirement accounts leaves more of the $31,110 free. And because there is no age requirement, a younger converter in Kentucky is in the same position as an older one, which is not true in most states.
What Kentucky does with the converted amount
State income tax: flat 3.5% for 2026 (cut from 4% by HB 1, signed Feb 2025, via 2022 trigger mechanism)
How Kentucky treats IRA and plan income: Retirement income exclusion up to $31,110 per person covering pensions, annuities, 401(k), and IRA distributions (Schedule P / KRS 141.019). Government pension income attributable to service before 1/1/1998 is fully exempt beyond the cap (Schedule P exempt-percentage calculation).
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How our partner relationships workWhat to ask a preparer about Kentucky
How much of the $31,110 will my other retirement income already use in the conversion year, and is the exclusion claimed on Schedule P for the converted amount?
Converting around a move
Converting in the year you move into Kentucky is the case that catches people. Residency at the moment of conversion is what generally determines which state gets to tax it, so a conversion executed a week before a move and one executed a week after can produce different bills.
Four separate taxes change when you move, not one: income tax on withdrawals, treatment of Social Security, estate tax, and inheritance tax. A state that looks good on conversions can be worse on the other three.
The state bill is the smaller half
Whatever Kentucky does, the conversion is federal ordinary income first. The federal bracket you land in, and whether the conversion pushes you over an IRMAA threshold two years later, will usually move more money than the state line does. The state answer tells you whether to convert here; the federal answer tells you how much to convert at once.
Paying the tax from outside the account matters more than either. Using converted dollars to pay the bill shrinks the balance that was the entire point of converting.
Figures verified against the Kentucky Department of Revenue 2025 Schedule P and Schedule M instructions and the enacted 2025 House Bill 1 on September 30, 2026; the KRS 141.019, KRS 140.070 and KRS 140.080 statute text, the bill signing date and the 2026 exclusion amount were not re-checked.
Sources
Authority: KRS 141.019; KY DOR Schedule P (Pension Income Exclusion); KRS 140.070; KRS 140.080.
Compiled from state statutes, session laws and revenue-department publications and adversarially verified in July 2026. Dataset confidence for Kentucky: high.
This page states what the cited authority says. It is not tax advice, and a conversion large enough to matter is worth putting in front of a preparer who can see your whole return.
Nearby states
A per-person exclusion with no age requirement means the practical question is how much of it your other retirement income has already used. Put what is left into the Roth conversion state tax calculator with the amount you plan to convert, and it shows what is sheltered, what is taxed, and what the conversion costs in total.